Fig. 1

Distribution of historical temperature and salinity profiles used for model construction in the study area (a) and temperature profiles used for result validation in 2021-2022 (b)"

Fig. 2

Vertical distribution of root mean square error (RMSE) for temperature between the reconstructed field/WOA18 monthly climatology and Argo observation profiles"

Fig. 3

Spatial distribution of Argo data (a) and vertical temperature profiles of Argo observations, reconstructed field, and WOA18 monthly climatology for individual locations (b1—b10). (a) Shading represents sea surface height with red stars indicating Argo spatial locations; (b1—b10) Red solid lines: Argo observations; black solid lines: reconstructed field; black dashed lines: WOA18 monthly climatology"

Fig. 4

Observed data trajectories (a, d) and cross-sections of the reconstructed field versus observed temperature (b, c, e, f). (a) Trajectory of observed data in the Northwest Pacific from June 17 to 29, 2019 (black curve) and the mean sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) from satellite observations during the observation period (color shading); (d) trajectory of observed data in the Northwest Pacific from August 7 to October 10, 2022 (black curve) and the mean SSHA from satellite observations during the observation period (color shading); (b, e) observed temperature profiles; (c, f) reconstructed temperature profiles. In the cross-section plots, the black polylines represent the upper and lower boundaries of the thermocline"

Fig. 5

Trajectories of mesoscale eddies 827620 (a) and 796972 (b). Black stars indicate the eddy generation location, and shading represents initial sea level anomaly during eddy formation"

Fig. 6

Zonal sections of temperature anomalies across eddy 827620 center at different development stages of the reconstructed field (a-e). Shading represents anomaly intensity (red: positive/warm; blue: negative/cold). Black contours represent temperature anomaly isotherms"

Fig. 7

Zonal sections of temperature anomalies across eddy 796972 center at different development stages of the reconstructed field (a-e). Visualization convention follows Fig. 6"

Fig. 8

Three-dimensional structures of temperature anomalies for eddy 827620 at different stages of the reconstructed field (a-e). Visualization convention follows Fig. 6"

Fig. 9

Three-dimensional structures of temperature anomalies for eddy 796972 at different stages of the reconstructed field (a-e). Visualization convention follows Fig. 6"