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热带海洋学报

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夏、冬季钦州湾茅尾海大型底栖动物群落特征及其环境影响因素探究

李新正1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 杜小丽1#, 徐勇2, 3, 张悦2, 3, 王金宝2, 隋吉星2，3, 陈丹1   

  1. 1. 北部湾大学, 海洋学院, 广西 钦州 535011;
    2. 中国科学院海洋研究所, 山东 青岛 266404;
    3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
    4. 青岛海洋科技中心海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237;
    5. 平陆运河河口海湾生态系统广西野外科学观测研究站, 广西海洋环境灾害过程与生态保护技术重点实验室, 广西 钦州 535011.
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-08 修回日期:2025-10-02 接受日期:2025-10-23
  • 通讯作者: 徐勇
  • 基金资助:

    科技部重点研发计划课题(2022YFF0802202); 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176114, 42576137); 广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCSW2025623)

Study on the Community Characteristics of Macrozoobenthos and Environmental Influencing Factors in Maowei Sea, Qinzhou Bay during Summer and Winter

LI Xinzheng1, 2, 3, 4, 5, DU Xiaoli1#, XU Yong2, 3, ZHANG Yue2, 3, WANG Jinbao2, SUI Jixing2, 3, CHEN Dan1   

  1. 1. College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China;

    2. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266404, China;

    3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

    4. Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China;

    5. Pinglu Canal and Beibu Gulf Coastal Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Disaster Processes and Ecological Protection Technology，Qinzhou 535011, China.

  • Received:2025-08-08 Revised:2025-10-02 Accepted:2025-10-23
  • Supported by:

    National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF0802202); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176114, 42576137); Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCSW2025623)

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摘要： 茅尾海为广西钦州湾的内海, 是一个典型的半封闭性的河口海湾, 兼具高生产力区与重要生态功能区, 其生态价值较高。然而茅尾海水体交换能力有限, 环境承载力较弱, 陆源污染易累积, 人类活动冲击较大。茅尾海作为国家重大工程平陆运河建成通航的入海口, 运河的建设和运营将带来船舶交通的剧增、陆源污染输入的加重、水文情势的剧烈变化以及外来物种入侵风险的增加, 这些因素都极有可能对茅尾海的底栖生境造成剧烈扰动, 导致底质破坏、水质恶化、关键种栖息地丧失和群落结构退化等。大型底栖动物是反映生态系统健康的关键指示生物, 因此开展茅尾海大型底栖动物群落的季节性本底调查至关重要。鉴于近年来该海域大型底栖动物生态调查不足, 本研究通过冬季(枯水期)和夏季(丰水期)的对比调查(2023年12月和2024年6月), 旨在全面评估大型底栖动物的群落结构及物种组成、优势种、丰度、生物量和生物多样性, 揭示其季节动态变化规律, 并识别关键的环境驱动因子(如重金属等), 为平陆运河开通后生态状况变化研究提供基准数据和科学依据。结果显示: 共采集到大型底栖动物8门84科131种, 其中冬季少于夏季, 分别为7门43科65种和8门79科100种。冬季和夏季主要优势类群均为多毛类动物(均为36种), 其次是甲壳动物(冬季14种、夏季30种)。冬季优势种为白氏文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)、寡鳃微齿吻沙蚕(Micronephthys oligobranchia)和丝异须虫(Heteromastus filiformis), 其中白氏文昌鱼的优势度最高(Y=0.042); 夏季优势种为豆形短眼蟹(Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides)、寡鳃微齿吻沙蚕和丝异须虫, 其中豆形短眼蟹的优势度最高(Y=0.045)。冬季平均丰度和平均生物量低于夏季, 分别为97.69ind/m2、11.594g/m2(冬季)和442.06ind/m2、40.573g/m2(夏季)。冬季大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J′)平均值均高于夏季, 分别为1.696、0.841(冬季)和1.656、0.715(夏季); 冬季Margalef丰富度指数(D)平均值低于夏季, 分别为1.746和1.809。聚类分析和nMDS排序分析将冬季调查站位划分为5个群落, 夏季划分为7个群落, 这一差异深刻揭示了茅尾海生态系统环境异质性的季节性动态。丰度、生物量与环境因子分析表明冬季丰度与镉(Cd)含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 而生物量与丰度之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 夏季丰度与水深呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结合历史调查数据, 本研究发现钦州湾茅尾海大型底栖动物的物种数和多样性呈下降趋势, 优势类群逐渐转变为多毛类, 群落可能存在向小型化物种演替的风险。建议在深化群落结构研究的基础上, 系统积累大型底栖动物与环境因子的长期观测数据, 加强氮、磷输入及陆源污染(如农业径流)的管控; 冬季重点关注沉积物有机质变化, 夏季强化污染防控, 为该海域生态保护与管理提供科学支撑。

关键词: 大型底栖动物, 群落结构, 生物多样性, 环境因子, 钦州湾

Abstract: Maowei Sea is the inner sea of Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi, a typical semi-enclosed estuarine bay, which is both a high-productivity area and an important ecological function zone, and has high ecological value. However, the water exchange capacity of Maowei Sea is limited, its environmental carrying capacity is weak, and land-based pollution is prone to accumulate. Human activities have a significant impact on it. As the estuary of the national major project Pinglu Canal, the construction and operation of the canal will bring about a sharp increase in ship traffic, an increase in land-based pollution input, drastic changes in hydrological conditions, and an increased risk of invasive alien species. All these factors are highly likely to cause severe disturbances to the benthic habitat of Maowei Sea, leading to sediment damage, water quality deterioration, loss of key species' habitats, and degradation of community structure. Macrobenthos are key indicator organisms reflecting the health of the ecosystem. Therefore, conducting seasonal background surveys of the macrobenthos community in Maowei Sea is of vital importance. Given the insufficient ecological surveys of macrobenthos in this sea area in recent years, this study aims to comprehensively assess the community structure, species composition, dominant species, abundance, biomass, and biodiversity of macrobenthos through comparative surveys in winter (dry season) and summer (wet season) (December 2023 and June 2024), reveal the seasonal dynamic change patterns, and identify key environmental drivers (such as heavy metals), providing baseline data and scientific basis for the study of ecological changes after the opening of the Pinglu Canal. A total of 131 species belonging to 8 phyla and 84 families were recorded, with fewer species observed in winter (65 species from 7 phyla and 43 families) than in summer (100 species from 8 phyla and 79 families). Polychaete was the dominant group in both seasons (36 species each), followed by crustacean (14 species in winter and 30 species in summer). The dominant species in winter were Branchiostoma belcheri, Micronephthys oligobranchia, and Heteromastus filiformis, with Branchiostoma belcheri showing the highest dominance index (Y=0.042). In summer, the dominant species were Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides, Micronephthys oligobranchia, and Heteromastus filiformis, among which Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides had the highest dominance index (Y=0.045). Winter mean abundance and biomass (97.69ind/m² and 11.594g/m²) were lower than those in summer (442.06ind/m² and 40.573g/m²). Winter exhibited higher Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′=1.696) and Pielou evenness (J′=0.841) than summer (H′=1.656, J′=0.715), whereas the Margalef richness index (D) was slightly lower in winter (1.746) than that in summer (1.809). Cluster analysis and nMDS ordination divided the winter survey stations into 5 groups and the summer ones into 7 groups, which profoundly reveals the seasonal dynamics of environmental heterogeneity in the Maowei Sea ecosystem. Analyses of abundance, biomass, and environmental factors indicated that winter abundance was significantly negatively correlated with sediment cadmium (Cd) content (P<0.05), while biomass showed a significant positive correlation with abundance (P<0.05). In summer, abundance was significantly positively correlated with water depth (P<0.01). Based on historical survey data, this study found that the species number and diversity of macrobenthos in Maowei Sea, Qinzhou Bay, are on a downward trend, with polychaetes gradually becoming the dominant group. There is a potential risk of the community evolving towards smaller-sized species. It is suggested that on the basis of deepening the research on community structure, long-term observational data on macrobenthos and environmental factors should be systematically accumulated, and the control of nitrogen and phosphorus input and land-based pollution (such as agricultural runoff) should be strengthened. In winter, the changes in sediment organic matter should be closely monitored, and in summer, pollution prevention and control should be intensified to provide scientific support for the ecological protection and management of this sea area.

Key words: Macrozoobenthos, Community Structure, Biodiversity, Environmental Factors, Qinzhou Bay