台风影响下西沙灰沙岛的时空变化特征

doi:10.11978/2024099

热带海洋学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 157-177.doi: 10.11978/2024099CSTR: 32234.14.2024099

台风影响下西沙灰沙岛的时空变化特征

肖海婷¹(), 黄荣永²^,³^,⁴(), 刘羿¹, 余克服²^,³^,⁴

1.天津大学地球系统科学学院, 天津 300072
2.广西大学广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室, 广西南宁 530004
3.广西大学珊瑚礁研究中心, 广西南宁 530004
4.广西大学海洋学院, 广西南宁 530004

收稿日期:2024-04-30 修回日期:2024-06-12 出版日期:2025-03-10 发布日期:2025-04-11
通讯作者: 黄荣永
作者简介:
肖海婷(2000—), 女, 江西省赣州市人, 硕士研究生, 从事珊瑚礁遥感研究。email: xht_gis@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(4192200195); 国家自然科学基金项目(42030502); 国家自然科学基金项目(42090041)

Spatiotemporal changes of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons

XIAO Haiting¹(), HUANG Rongyong²^,³^,⁴(), LIU Yi¹, YU Kefu²^,³^,⁴

1. School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
3. Coral Reef Research Centre of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
4. School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

Received:2024-04-30 Revised:2024-06-12 Online:2025-03-10 Published:2025-04-11
Contact: HUANG Rongyong
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(4192200195); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42030502); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42090041)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

文章基于哨兵二号(Sentinel-2)遥感影像, 使用梯度向量流-主动轮廓模型(gradient vector flow-snake, GVF-Snake)提取南海西沙北岛、中岛和南岛的海滩基部线(toe of beach, ToB)和植被边界线, 获取了灰沙岛及其海滩面积。采用突变检验法, 判别出2016—2022年造成研究区岛屿面积发生突变的台风事件。通过统计台风事件中灰沙岛归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)和海滩面积变化, 以及ToB线和植被边界线的移动距离, 分析了西沙灰沙岛受台风影响后的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果显示: 1) 台风导致灰沙岛植被以轻度受损为主, 中度及以上受损植被分布在岛屿沿岸, 导致了植被边界线的后退, 而沉积物随受损植被剥脱, 并随风浪冲刷至海滩, 导致了ToB线的向海推进。受台风路径方向影响, 迎风面沿岸首先遭受冲击, 灰沙岛迎风面沿岸植被重度受损, 因而导致ToB线和植被边界线在迎风面具有更大的移动距离; 2) 在台风影响末期, 由于灰沙岛沿岸植被受损, 植被边界线的后退和ToB线的向海推进, 使得海滩面积扩大, 而在台风过后, 因失去植被的固定, 在海滩堆积的松散沉积物在风浪作用下从岛屿运离至礁坪, 使得海滩面积缩减。因此, 具有固定与缓冲作用的沿岸植被在维持灰沙岛的稳定性方面具有重要作用; 3) 台风风速增大和台风路径与灰沙岛之间距离的缩短, 以及台风期间海洋表层流速的增加, 易使得灰沙岛遭受极端波浪和风暴流的影响, 将增大灰沙岛严重受损植被的面积, 进而造成更大的岸线移动的距离和海滩面积的变化。此外, 台风可引起沉积物在灰沙岛及其周围环境中的运移, 进而直接改变灰沙岛海滩面积及其形态。台风过后灰沙岛上大量松散沉积物的流失, 导致了灰沙岛面积突变减小, 加之全球变暖造成生物碳酸盐产率下降, 以及来自周围环境的沉积物供应不足, 可能是南海西沙灰沙岛面积长期呈下降趋势的原因。

关键词: 灰沙岛, 台风, 遥感, 西沙群岛

Abstract:

In this study, we explored the changing characteristics of spatial patterns of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons and their driving factors, which are of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of lime-sand islands in the South China Sea (SCS). First, to determine the area of the BeiDao, ZhongDao and Nandao islands of the Xisha Islands and their beaches, the toe of beach line (ToB) and the boundary of vegetation were extracted using the gradient vector flow-snake (GVF-snake) model based on Sentinel-2 remote sensing images. The monthly average area of the study islands from 2016 to 2022 was examined using the change point detection method, and the typhoon events that had caused significant changes in the size of the study islands were identified. Finally, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the islands affected by typhoons were analyzed based on the changes in lime-sand islands area, vegetation area, beach area and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during typhoon events. The results are shown as follows. 1) The vegetation of the islands was mainly slightly stressed by the typhoons, and the severely stressed areas were mainly located along the shorelines. The typhoons caused a significant retreat of the vegetation boundary of the islands, and the sediments were stripped off with the damaged vegetation and washed to the beach with the wind and waves, resulting in the seaward advancement of the ToB line. The windward coasts were the first to be impacted by the direction of the typhoon path, and the vegetation along the windward side of the islands was heavily damaged, resulting in more significant changes in vegetation, vegetation boundary, and the ToB line on the windward side. 2) As the vegetation along the lime-sand islands was damaged, the retreat of the vegetation boundary line and the seaward advancement of the ToB line resulted in the expansion of the beach area, whereas after the typhoon, due to the loss of vegetation fixation, the loose sediment accumulated on the beach was transported away from the islands to the reef flats by the wind and wave action, resulting in the reduction of the beach area. Therefore, coastal vegetation that buffers and fixes the sand is critical to the stability of lime-sand islands. 3) Increased typhoon wind speeds and shorter distances between typhoon paths and the islands, as well as increased surface currents during the typhoon, made the islands exposed to extreme wave and storm currents, which led to an increase in the area of severely damaged vegetation on the islands, resulting in greater shoreline movement and changes in beach area. In addition, typhoons can cause sediment transport between the lime-sand islands and their surroundings, which can directly change the beach area and morphology of the lime-sand islands. The loss of large amounts of unconsolidated sediments on the lime-sand islands after the typhoon, which led to an abrupt decrease in the size of the islands, together with the decrease in the rate of biogenic carbonate production due to global warming and the insufficient supply of sediments from the surrounding environment, may be the reasons for the long-term decreasing trend in the size of the lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands.

Key words: lime-sand island, typhoon, remote sensing, Xisha Islands

中图分类号:

P737.13

肖海婷, 黄荣永, 刘羿, 余克服. 台风影响下西沙灰沙岛的时空变化特征[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2025, 44(2): 157-177.

XIAO Haiting, HUANG Rongyong, LIU Yi, YU Kefu. Spatiotemporal changes of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025, 44(2): 157-177.

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序号	编号	名称	日期	强度等级
1	1603	银河	20160725—20160728	强热带风暴
2	1621	莎莉嘉	20161012—20161020	超强台风
3	1704	塔拉斯	20170710—20170717	强热带风暴
4	1710	海棠	20170727—20170803	热带风暴
5	1719	杜苏芮	20170911—20170916	强台风
6	1720	卡努	20171011—20171016	强台风
7	1809	山神	20180716—20180724	热带风暴
8	1822	山竹	20180907—20180917	强台风
9	1826	玉兔	20181021—20181103	强台风
10	1904	木恩	20190702—20190704	热带风暴
11	1907	韦帕	20190730—20190803	热带风暴
12	1912	杨柳	20190825—20190830	热带风暴
13	1928	北冕	20191125—20191206	强台风
14	2003	森拉克	20200731—20200803	热带风暴
15	2011	红霞	20200914—20200919	强热带风暴
16	2022	环高	20201108—20201116	强台风
17	2104	小熊	20210611—20210613	热带风暴
18	2113	康森	20210905—20210913	强热带风暴
19	2118	圆规	20211008—20211014	台风
20	2122	雷伊	20211212—20211221	超强台风
21	2203	暹芭	20220629—20220707	台风
22	2207	木兰	20220808—20220811	热带风暴
23	2209	马鞍	20220821—20220826	台风
24	2216	奥鹿	20220921—20220929	超强台风

名称	台风路径至岛屿最短距离/km	距岛最近时风速/(m·s^-1)	影像日期
名称	台风路径至岛屿最短距离/km	距岛最近时风速/(m·s^-1)	台风前	台风影响末期	台风后
杜苏芮	88.91	48	2017/08/13	2017/09/17	2017/10/27
环高	75.95	33	2020/10/31	2020/11/25	2020/12/15
奥鹿	147.56	52	2022/09/16	2022/10/01	2022/11/05

岛屿	分区	海滩基部线						植被边界线
岛屿	分区	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	向陆/%	向海/%	稳定/%	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	后退/%	扩张/%	稳定/%
	背风面
北岛	北端	-3.0	7.7	-10.2	37.78	18.89	43.33	-0.1	6.3	-3.9	21.64	17.16	61.19
	向海区	-1.0	6.7	-9.1	28.68	6.65	64.67	1.5	7.0	-3.9	5.29	44.87	49.83
	南端	0.2	3.2	-7.6	20.20	24.75	55.05	-3.8	4.0	-6.4	52.05	23.29	24.66
中岛	北端	0.6	8.8	-9.2	35.29	18.18	19.79	0.5	6.1	-0.1	0.00	11.76	88.24
	向海区	-0.2	4.5	-7.7	5.45	3.96	90.59	1.0	5.6	-3.4	2.87	19.77	77.36
	南端	-0.8	9.9	-5.5	40.56	32.87	26.57	0.5	5.2	-3.9	11.03	20.69	68.28
南岛	北端	4.5	10.5	-0.4	0.00	55.04	44.96	0.5	7.2	-0.1	0.00	10.77	89.23
	向海区	1.6	7.1	-7.7	10.30	28.66	61.04	1.3	7.5	-7.6	3.97	29.44	66.60
	南端	6.1	12.6	-10.0	20.57	68.00	11.43	-2.3	-0.3	-4.2	77.08	0.00	22.92
	迎风面
北岛	北端	2.1	13.9	-8.6	26.45	17.77	55.79	0.8	4.0	-0.1	0.00	21.32	78.68
	向海区	2.2	8.9	-3.7	4.47	57.18	38.36	-0.5	6.2	-8.5	23.28	18.05	58.67
	南端	6.5	6.2	-7.5	11.44	70.56	18.00	-4.8	1.3	-5.7	81.22	0.00	18.78
中岛	北端	4.9	8.7	-5.3	29.41	58.82	11.76	-1.2	0.1	-4.3	19.13	0.00	80.87
	向海区	3.6	11.0	-2.0	0.00	70.43	29.57	-1.6	-0.7	-5.1	71.87	0.00	28.13
	南端	3.6	6.2	-1.0	0.00	69.86	30.14	-2.5	-1.0	-8.2	84.18	0.00	15.82
南岛	北端	3.7	9.8	-0.3	0.00	55.88	44.12	2.8	6.5	0.1	0.00	80.49	19.51
	向海区	3.1	9.1	-3.3	3.05	59.49	37.46	-2.9	3.3	-9.6	67.76	5.75	26.49
	南端	4.9	12.9	-8.1	0.00	59.36	40.64	-4.0	-5.6	-2.0	100.00	0.00	0.00

岛屿	分区	海滩基部线						植被边界线
岛屿	分区	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	向陆/%	向海/%	稳定/%	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	后退/%	扩张/%	稳定/%
	背风面
北岛	北端	-7.8	5.3	-12.2	73.11	5.30	21.59	8.8	10.5	3.4	95.48	0.00	4.52
	向海区	1.4	5.7	-8.1	4.88	43.59	51.52	4.5	10.2	-0.1	74.78	0.00	25.22
	南端	2.1	4.0	-8.1	14.09	24.66	61.25	3.5	36.3	-8.0	10.89	72.28	16.83
中岛	北端	3.9	7.1	-5.6	26.24	61.70	12.06	-3.5	3.1	-6.7	72.79	5.88	21.32
	向海区	4.4	6.7	0.0	0.00	98.50	0.00	-3.0	0.1	-9.1	61.03	7.16	31.81
	南端	1.8	9.4	-10.5	11.19	55.24	33.57	-0.2	4.4	-4.0	17.24	10.34	72.41
南岛	北端	-3.8	5.3	-8.6	60.47	21.71	17.83	-3.4	-1.3	-9.1	77.94	0.00	22.06
	向海区	1.5	7.6	-12.2	7.40	39.19	53.41	-4.8	0.1	-7.4	72.12	0.00	27.88
	南端	1.8	13.0	-15.6	5.71	67.43	26.86	-1.5	3.5	-9.9	28.85	3.85	67.31
	迎风面
北岛	北端	-1.8	18.4	-18.0	48.31	25.00	26.69	-1.9	2.7	-4.2	61.15	22.29	16.56
	向海区	-0.7	9.1	-1.6	0.00	67.85	32.15	-0.4	2.9	-7.9	48.36	8.59	43.05
	南端	7.5	8.0	-1.4	0.00	75.54	24.46	-1.3	2.2	-5.9	59.47	18.42	22.11
中岛	北端	3.2	4.5	1.1	0.00	80.21	19.79	2.5	7.3	-4.2	26.25	58.75	15.00
	向海区	3.3	7.4	-7.0	0.79	57.74	41.47	-1.9	3.5	-4.1	75.08	12.77	12.15
	南端	-7.1	4.9	-14.8	76.71	9.59	13.70	0.7	4.3	-3.5	20.25	20.89	58.86
南岛	北端	3.6	14.5	-6.0	10.78	47.06	42.16	-2.7	0.7	-4.2	79.27	0.00	20.73
	向海区	2.7	9.6	-0.6	0.00	41.10	58.90	-1.7	1.2	-7.5	29.16	0.00	70.84
	南端	8.0	10.6	-4.6	1.60	69.52	28.88	-0.6	0.4	-3.3	9.68	0.00	90.32

岛屿	分区	海滩基部线						植被边界线
岛屿	分区	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	向陆/%	向海/%	稳定/%	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	后退/%	扩张/%	稳定/%
	背风面
北岛	北端	-6.0	4.3	-19.4	66.67	4.02	29.32	-0.5	1.4	-1.2	0.00	0.00	100.00
	向海区	1.9	7.8	-3.8	1.90	31.49	66.61	-3.4	1.9	-9.0	73.65	0.00	26.35
	南端	-1.2	8.9	-11.1	50.13	6.62	43.26	-2.7	0.1	-5.7	64.71	0.00	35.29
中岛	北端	-0.7	2.4	0.0	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.6	1.3	-0.1	0.00	0.00	100.00
	向海区	1.3	6.9	-6.3	5.44	29.23	65.33	-0.2	0.5	-1.5	0.00	0.00	100.00
	南端	1.6	5.7	0.1	0.00	25.87	74.13	0.3	1.9	-1.1	0.00	9.09	90.91
南岛	北端	2.9	13.0	-5.1	13.18	51.94	41.09	0.1	3.3	-4.5	9.33	6.67	84.00
	向海区	5.7	9.2	-4.8	0.44	73.57	25.84	-0.8	0.2	-4.2	18.66	0.00	81.34
	南端	8.6	14.2	-5.9	13.14	77.14	9.71	-2.6	-0.4	-5.6	60.42	0.00	39.58
	迎风面
北岛	北端	-3.4	11.2	-15.9	64.69	18.53	16.78	0.3	4.0	-0.1	0.00	8.79	91.21
	向海区	1.1	7.9	-7.4	8.13	12.54	79.33	1.4	6.1	-0.1	0.00	37.30	62.70
	南端	0.7	6.6	-4.1	12.08	14.33	73.60	2.5	5.5	-3.5	13.58	44.44	41.98
中岛	北端	-0.4	0.0	-4.1	8.74	0.00	91.26	-0.4	0.1	-4.1	6.56	0.00	93.44
	向海区	2.2	8.5	-0.1	0.00	42.86	57.14	-1.6	0.1	-4.7	24.53	0.00	75.47
	南端	1.4	4.0	-0.1	0.00	18.99	81.01	-1.6	1.2	-2.0	74.68	0.00	25.32
南岛	北端	6.5	12.7	3.2	0.00	100.00	0.00	1.8	3.9	0.1	0.00	54.88	45.12
	向海区	4.3	5.4	-0.8	0.00	82.68	17.32	-1.3	0.4	-3.6	36.19	0.00	63.81
	南端	5.0	8.6	-0.4	0.00	72.73	27.27	-1.7	0.1	-3.0	54.84	0.00	45.16

台风影响下西沙灰沙岛的时空变化特征

Spatiotemporal changes of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons

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