Fig. 1

Locations of historical tsunamis occurrences in the Indian Ocean"

Tab. 1

Summary of Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean from 1762 to present"

Fig. 2

Scatter plots of tsunami run-up versus earthquake magnitude (a), earthquake focal depth (b) and death toll (c) in the Indian Ocean"

Fig. 3

Devastating impacts of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami across affected regions"

Fig. 4

Numerical simulation results of the 1945 Makran tsunami (revised from Heidarzadeh et al, 2017)"

Fig. 5

(a) Location of the Krakatau volcanic tsunami and the submarine topography; (b) simulated tsunami run-up results of the Krakatau volcanic tsunami (Grilli et al, 2019)"

Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of tsunami classification and propagation"

Fig. 7

Structural diagram of a tsunami warning system"

Tab. 2

Comparison of the applicability of T-waves and traditional monitoring methods in tsunami early warning"

Fig. 8

Schematic diagram of T-wave generation and propagation. Seismic energy couples into the ocean through the seafloor-water interface and propagates over long distances in the SOFAR channel in the form of acoustic waves"

Fig. 9

Distribution of tsunami earthquake locations in the Indian Ocean recorded at stations PALK and COCO"

Fig 10

(a) Seventeen Indian Ocean tsunami earthquake signals recorded at the PALK station; (b) twelve Indian Ocean tsunami earthquake signals recorded at the COCO station (waveform data for some events are not available in IRIS). Time zero marks the origin time of the event; yellow and red dots indicate the theoretical arrival times of P-waves and T-waves, respectively"

Fig. 11

Epicentral distance versus T-wave and P-wave travel times for Indian Ocean tsunami earthquakes"