台风影响下西沙灰沙岛的时空变化特征

doi:10.11978/2024099

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, we explored the changing characteristics of spatial patterns of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons and their driving factors, which are of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of lime-sand islands in the South China Sea (SCS). First, to determine the area of the BeiDao, ZhongDao and Nandao islands of the Xisha Islands and their beaches, the toe of beach line (ToB) and the boundary of vegetation were extracted using the gradient vector flow-snake (GVF-snake) model based on Sentinel-2 remote sensing images. The monthly average area of the study islands from 2016 to 2022 was examined using the change point detection method, and the typhoon events that had caused significant changes in the size of the study islands were identified. Finally, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the islands affected by typhoons were analyzed based on the changes in lime-sand islands area, vegetation area, beach area and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during typhoon events. The results are shown as follows. 1) The vegetation of the islands was mainly slightly stressed by the typhoons, and the severely stressed areas were mainly located along the shorelines. The typhoons caused a significant retreat of the vegetation boundary of the islands, and the sediments were stripped off with the damaged vegetation and washed to the beach with the wind and waves, resulting in the seaward advancement of the ToB line. The windward coasts were the first to be impacted by the direction of the typhoon path, and the vegetation along the windward side of the islands was heavily damaged, resulting in more significant changes in vegetation, vegetation boundary, and the ToB line on the windward side. 2) As the vegetation along the lime-sand islands was damaged, the retreat of the vegetation boundary line and the seaward advancement of the ToB line resulted in the expansion of the beach area, whereas after the typhoon, due to the loss of vegetation fixation, the loose sediment accumulated on the beach was transported away from the islands to the reef flats by the wind and wave action, resulting in the reduction of the beach area. Therefore, coastal vegetation that buffers and fixes the sand is critical to the stability of lime-sand islands. 3) Increased typhoon wind speeds and shorter distances between typhoon paths and the islands, as well as increased surface currents during the typhoon, made the islands exposed to extreme wave and storm currents, which led to an increase in the area of severely damaged vegetation on the islands, resulting in greater shoreline movement and changes in beach area. In addition, typhoons can cause sediment transport between the lime-sand islands and their surroundings, which can directly change the beach area and morphology of the lime-sand islands. The loss of large amounts of unconsolidated sediments on the lime-sand islands after the typhoon, which led to an abrupt decrease in the size of the islands, together with the decrease in the rate of biogenic carbonate production due to global warming and the insufficient supply of sediments from the surrounding environment, may be the reasons for the long-term decreasing trend in the size of the lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands.

Key words: lime-sand island, typhoon, remote sensing, Xisha Islands

CLC Number:

P737.13

XIAO Haiting, HUANG Rongyong, LIU Yi, YU Kefu. Spatiotemporal changes of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025, 44(2): 157-177.

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序号	编号	名称	日期	强度等级
1	1603	银河	20160725—20160728	强热带风暴
2	1621	莎莉嘉	20161012—20161020	超强台风
3	1704	塔拉斯	20170710—20170717	强热带风暴
4	1710	海棠	20170727—20170803	热带风暴
5	1719	杜苏芮	20170911—20170916	强台风
6	1720	卡努	20171011—20171016	强台风
7	1809	山神	20180716—20180724	热带风暴
8	1822	山竹	20180907—20180917	强台风
9	1826	玉兔	20181021—20181103	强台风
10	1904	木恩	20190702—20190704	热带风暴
11	1907	韦帕	20190730—20190803	热带风暴
12	1912	杨柳	20190825—20190830	热带风暴
13	1928	北冕	20191125—20191206	强台风
14	2003	森拉克	20200731—20200803	热带风暴
15	2011	红霞	20200914—20200919	强热带风暴
16	2022	环高	20201108—20201116	强台风
17	2104	小熊	20210611—20210613	热带风暴
18	2113	康森	20210905—20210913	强热带风暴
19	2118	圆规	20211008—20211014	台风
20	2122	雷伊	20211212—20211221	超强台风
21	2203	暹芭	20220629—20220707	台风
22	2207	木兰	20220808—20220811	热带风暴
23	2209	马鞍	20220821—20220826	台风
24	2216	奥鹿	20220921—20220929	超强台风

名称	台风路径至岛屿最短距离/km	距岛最近时风速/(m·s^-1)	影像日期
名称	台风路径至岛屿最短距离/km	距岛最近时风速/(m·s^-1)	台风前	台风影响末期	台风后
杜苏芮	88.91	48	2017/08/13	2017/09/17	2017/10/27
环高	75.95	33	2020/10/31	2020/11/25	2020/12/15
奥鹿	147.56	52	2022/09/16	2022/10/01	2022/11/05

岛屿	分区	海滩基部线						植被边界线
岛屿	分区	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	向陆/%	向海/%	稳定/%	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	后退/%	扩张/%	稳定/%
	背风面
北岛	北端	-3.0	7.7	-10.2	37.78	18.89	43.33	-0.1	6.3	-3.9	21.64	17.16	61.19
	向海区	-1.0	6.7	-9.1	28.68	6.65	64.67	1.5	7.0	-3.9	5.29	44.87	49.83
	南端	0.2	3.2	-7.6	20.20	24.75	55.05	-3.8	4.0	-6.4	52.05	23.29	24.66
中岛	北端	0.6	8.8	-9.2	35.29	18.18	19.79	0.5	6.1	-0.1	0.00	11.76	88.24
	向海区	-0.2	4.5	-7.7	5.45	3.96	90.59	1.0	5.6	-3.4	2.87	19.77	77.36
	南端	-0.8	9.9	-5.5	40.56	32.87	26.57	0.5	5.2	-3.9	11.03	20.69	68.28
南岛	北端	4.5	10.5	-0.4	0.00	55.04	44.96	0.5	7.2	-0.1	0.00	10.77	89.23
	向海区	1.6	7.1	-7.7	10.30	28.66	61.04	1.3	7.5	-7.6	3.97	29.44	66.60
	南端	6.1	12.6	-10.0	20.57	68.00	11.43	-2.3	-0.3	-4.2	77.08	0.00	22.92
	迎风面
北岛	北端	2.1	13.9	-8.6	26.45	17.77	55.79	0.8	4.0	-0.1	0.00	21.32	78.68
	向海区	2.2	8.9	-3.7	4.47	57.18	38.36	-0.5	6.2	-8.5	23.28	18.05	58.67
	南端	6.5	6.2	-7.5	11.44	70.56	18.00	-4.8	1.3	-5.7	81.22	0.00	18.78
中岛	北端	4.9	8.7	-5.3	29.41	58.82	11.76	-1.2	0.1	-4.3	19.13	0.00	80.87
	向海区	3.6	11.0	-2.0	0.00	70.43	29.57	-1.6	-0.7	-5.1	71.87	0.00	28.13
	南端	3.6	6.2	-1.0	0.00	69.86	30.14	-2.5	-1.0	-8.2	84.18	0.00	15.82
南岛	北端	3.7	9.8	-0.3	0.00	55.88	44.12	2.8	6.5	0.1	0.00	80.49	19.51
	向海区	3.1	9.1	-3.3	3.05	59.49	37.46	-2.9	3.3	-9.6	67.76	5.75	26.49
	南端	4.9	12.9	-8.1	0.00	59.36	40.64	-4.0	-5.6	-2.0	100.00	0.00	0.00

岛屿	分区	海滩基部线						植被边界线
岛屿	分区	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	向陆/%	向海/%	稳定/%	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	后退/%	扩张/%	稳定/%
	背风面
北岛	北端	-7.8	5.3	-12.2	73.11	5.30	21.59	8.8	10.5	3.4	95.48	0.00	4.52
	向海区	1.4	5.7	-8.1	4.88	43.59	51.52	4.5	10.2	-0.1	74.78	0.00	25.22
	南端	2.1	4.0	-8.1	14.09	24.66	61.25	3.5	36.3	-8.0	10.89	72.28	16.83
中岛	北端	3.9	7.1	-5.6	26.24	61.70	12.06	-3.5	3.1	-6.7	72.79	5.88	21.32
	向海区	4.4	6.7	0.0	0.00	98.50	0.00	-3.0	0.1	-9.1	61.03	7.16	31.81
	南端	1.8	9.4	-10.5	11.19	55.24	33.57	-0.2	4.4	-4.0	17.24	10.34	72.41
南岛	北端	-3.8	5.3	-8.6	60.47	21.71	17.83	-3.4	-1.3	-9.1	77.94	0.00	22.06
	向海区	1.5	7.6	-12.2	7.40	39.19	53.41	-4.8	0.1	-7.4	72.12	0.00	27.88
	南端	1.8	13.0	-15.6	5.71	67.43	26.86	-1.5	3.5	-9.9	28.85	3.85	67.31
	迎风面
北岛	北端	-1.8	18.4	-18.0	48.31	25.00	26.69	-1.9	2.7	-4.2	61.15	22.29	16.56
	向海区	-0.7	9.1	-1.6	0.00	67.85	32.15	-0.4	2.9	-7.9	48.36	8.59	43.05
	南端	7.5	8.0	-1.4	0.00	75.54	24.46	-1.3	2.2	-5.9	59.47	18.42	22.11
中岛	北端	3.2	4.5	1.1	0.00	80.21	19.79	2.5	7.3	-4.2	26.25	58.75	15.00
	向海区	3.3	7.4	-7.0	0.79	57.74	41.47	-1.9	3.5	-4.1	75.08	12.77	12.15
	南端	-7.1	4.9	-14.8	76.71	9.59	13.70	0.7	4.3	-3.5	20.25	20.89	58.86
南岛	北端	3.6	14.5	-6.0	10.78	47.06	42.16	-2.7	0.7	-4.2	79.27	0.00	20.73
	向海区	2.7	9.6	-0.6	0.00	41.10	58.90	-1.7	1.2	-7.5	29.16	0.00	70.84
	南端	8.0	10.6	-4.6	1.60	69.52	28.88	-0.6	0.4	-3.3	9.68	0.00	90.32

岛屿	分区	海滩基部线						植被边界线
岛屿	分区	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	向陆/%	向海/%	稳定/%	平均/m	最大/m	最小/m	后退/%	扩张/%	稳定/%
	背风面
北岛	北端	-6.0	4.3	-19.4	66.67	4.02	29.32	-0.5	1.4	-1.2	0.00	0.00	100.00
	向海区	1.9	7.8	-3.8	1.90	31.49	66.61	-3.4	1.9	-9.0	73.65	0.00	26.35
	南端	-1.2	8.9	-11.1	50.13	6.62	43.26	-2.7	0.1	-5.7	64.71	0.00	35.29
中岛	北端	-0.7	2.4	0.0	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.6	1.3	-0.1	0.00	0.00	100.00
	向海区	1.3	6.9	-6.3	5.44	29.23	65.33	-0.2	0.5	-1.5	0.00	0.00	100.00
	南端	1.6	5.7	0.1	0.00	25.87	74.13	0.3	1.9	-1.1	0.00	9.09	90.91
南岛	北端	2.9	13.0	-5.1	13.18	51.94	41.09	0.1	3.3	-4.5	9.33	6.67	84.00
	向海区	5.7	9.2	-4.8	0.44	73.57	25.84	-0.8	0.2	-4.2	18.66	0.00	81.34
	南端	8.6	14.2	-5.9	13.14	77.14	9.71	-2.6	-0.4	-5.6	60.42	0.00	39.58
	迎风面
北岛	北端	-3.4	11.2	-15.9	64.69	18.53	16.78	0.3	4.0	-0.1	0.00	8.79	91.21
	向海区	1.1	7.9	-7.4	8.13	12.54	79.33	1.4	6.1	-0.1	0.00	37.30	62.70
	南端	0.7	6.6	-4.1	12.08	14.33	73.60	2.5	5.5	-3.5	13.58	44.44	41.98
中岛	北端	-0.4	0.0	-4.1	8.74	0.00	91.26	-0.4	0.1	-4.1	6.56	0.00	93.44
	向海区	2.2	8.5	-0.1	0.00	42.86	57.14	-1.6	0.1	-4.7	24.53	0.00	75.47
	南端	1.4	4.0	-0.1	0.00	18.99	81.01	-1.6	1.2	-2.0	74.68	0.00	25.32
南岛	北端	6.5	12.7	3.2	0.00	100.00	0.00	1.8	3.9	0.1	0.00	54.88	45.12
	向海区	4.3	5.4	-0.8	0.00	82.68	17.32	-1.3	0.4	-3.6	36.19	0.00	63.81
	南端	5.0	8.6	-0.4	0.00	72.73	27.27	-1.7	0.1	-3.0	54.84	0.00	45.16

Spatiotemporal changes of lime-sand islands in the Xisha Islands under the impacts of typhoons

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