海南岛北部海湾表层海水重金属分布特征、主控因素及污染评价

doi:10.11978/2023004

Abstract

Abstract:

The dissolved heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) were investigated based on the geochemical analysis of 106 surface seawater samples in the Northern Bay of Hainan Island. Correlation and factor analysis were used to study the sources and main controlling factors of distribution of heavy metals. The pollution levels of heavy metals were evaluated by the factor index and the Nemero index with weight modified. The results indicate that, the average contents of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn are 0.58, 0.14, 8.68, 0.057, 2.07 and 26.24 μg·L^-1, respectively. Additionally, the content of Cr is less than the minimum detection limit. The surface seawater, in the Dongzhai Harbor, east and north coast of the Puqian Bay, estuary of both the Maiya River and the Daomeng River, is with high content of dissolved heavy metals. The estuary of Nandu River, surrounding waters of the Ruyi Island and offshore waters of Haikou Bay are highly clean and non-pollution. The periphery of the Haikou Port, the estuary of the Maya River and the Daomeng River, the top and east coast of the Puqian Bay, and the west side of the Mulan Bay, where the pollution levels are low to medium. The pollution of the Dongzhai Port is moderate to serious. Furthermore, the pollution of the estuary of the Yanfeng River is the most serious. The pollution level of 6 heavy metals were sequenced in the decreased order of Pb> Cu> Zn> Hg> Cd> As. Therefore, Pb, Cu and Zn should be regarded as the key environmental monitoring and marine ecological research objects in the future. The heavy metals in the coastal seawater mainly came from terrestrial and ship pollution, meanwhile, the sources of heavy metals also included atmospheric input, agriculture and aquaculture. Higher salinity and lower pH can promote the desorption and release of heavy metals from suspended particles in seawater. In addition, hydrodynamic condition was also one of the main factors that controlled the heavy metals content in seawater.

Key words: northern Hainan Island, surface seawater, heavy metals, distribution, environmental assessment

ZENG Weite, ZHANG Dongqiang, LIU Bing, YANG Yongpeng, ZHANG Hangfei, WU Duoyu, WANG Xiaolin. Distribution, main controlling factors and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater of the Northern Bay of Hainan Island, south China[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023, 42(6): 156-167.

Figures/Tables 12

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浓度或含量范围/(μg·L^-1)	回收率/%
<100	60~100
>100	80~100
>1000	90~110
容量及重量法	95~105

污染程度	污染指数
无污染	P′<1.63
程度轻	1.63≤P′<2.28
程度中	2.28≤P′<3.68
程度严重	P′ ≥3.68

统计量	重金属含量/(μg·L^-1)
统计量	As	Cd	Cu	Hg	Pb	Zn
最小值	0.19	0.05	0.64	0.0040	0.20	3.44
最大值	2.12	0.60	24.00	0.1600	11.00	88.00
平均值	0.58	0.14	8.68	0.0573	2.07	26.24
标准差	0.36	0.13	5.57	0.0308	2.21	24.53
变异系数	0.62	0.93	0.64	0.54	1.07	0.93
南渡江(祁士华等, 2009)	0.26	0.005	0.51	0.001	1.03	2.00
海南岛近岸(国土资源部中国地质调查局, 2011)	3.78	0.62	6.35	0.101	3.14	20.61
琼州海峡(刘翠梅等, 2002)	—	0.02	1.37	0.046	0.11	11.11
南海中部(李景喜等, 2013)	1.90	1.30	1.60	—	1.99	6.47

元素	达水质标准站位数			P_i
元素	Ⅰ类	Ⅱ类	Ⅲ类	最大值	最小值	平均值
As	106	0	0	0.106	0.010	0.029
Cd	106	0	0	0.600	0.005	0.140
Hg	46	60	0	3.200	0.080	1.155
Zn	71	7	28	4.400	0.172	1.312
Cu	33	31	42	4.800	0.128	1.737
Pb	42	52	44	11.00	0.020	2.070

	Zn	As	Cu	Pb	Cd	Hg	盐度	pH	悬浮物
Zn	1.000
As	0.675^**	1.000
Cu	0.778^**	0.414^**	1.000
Pb	0.560^**	0.256^*	0.549^**	1.000
Cd	0.630^**	0.459^**	0.502^**	0.460^**	1.000
Hg	0.272^*	0.312^**	0.176	0.196	0.130	1.000
盐度	0.338^**	-0.014	0.318^**	0.379^**	0.300^**	0.144	1.000
pH	-0.590^**	0.080	-0.472^**	-0.492^**	-0.391^**	-0.221^*	-0.481^**	1.000
悬浮物	0.531^**	0.439^**	0.450^**	0.433^**	0.341^**	0.253^*	0.301^**	-0.501^**	1.000

Distribution, main controlling factors and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater of the Northern Bay of Hainan Island, south China

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元素	因子载荷
元素	因子1	因子2
Cd	0.777	0.097
Cu	0.841	0.117
Pb	0.740	0.045
Zn	0.872	0.324
Hg	0.022	0.929
As	0.540	0.561
特征值	2.910	1.308
贡献率	48.50%	21.81%
累积贡献率	48.50%	70.31%

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[3]	LI Ao, FENG Yang, WANG Yuntao, XUE Huijie. Spatiotemporal variation of water area with high chlorophyll a concentration in the South China Sea based on OC-CCI data* [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022, 41(2): 77-89.
[4]	MA Mengzhen, LI Qian, WU Zhengchao, CHEN Yinchao, YU Jiancheng. Underwater glider observation of oxygen minimum zone in the northern South China Sea [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022, 41(1): 131-142.
[5]	LI Huawei, XU Xiangrong. Pollution characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in sediments from typical mangrove wetlands of China [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022, 41(1): 117-130.
[6]	WANG Jian, CHEN Chuqun, ZHOU Weihua, LI Xiangfu, WU Jie, YE Haibin, TANG Shilin. Estimating the spatial distribution of heterotrophic bacteria abundance in the Northern South China Sea using remote sensing^* [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021, 40(5): 53-62.
[7]	FANG Zhou, TAN Fei, YANG Hongqiang, XU Huilong, XU Xiangrong, LI Hengxiang. Distribution characteristics of plastic debris and microplastics on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in Xisha Sea [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021, 40(5): 123-133.
[8]	WANG Yuanqi, YANG Yang, ZHOU Liang, WANG Yaping, GAO Shu. Interpreting the origin of coastal boulders on a coral reef flat at Xiaodonghai of Hainan Island based on storm wave energy analysis [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021, 40(4): 110-121.
[9]	LI Kaizhi, REN Yuzheng, KE Zhixin, LI Gang, TAN Yehui. Vertical distributions of epipelagic and mesopelagic zooplankton in the continental slope of the northeastern South China Sea^* [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021, 40(2): 61-73.
[10]	HUANG Jianzhong, WEI Yuheng, GU Zhifeng, WU Chuanliang, XU Qiang, WANG Aiming, LI Xiubao. Coral community change and its influencing factors in Ximaozhou Island of Hainan [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2020, 39(6): 103-113.
[11]	Yuzheng REN, Zhixin KE, Yehui TAN, Kaizhi LI. Community structure of zooplankton and its influencing factors in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island, Guangdong [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2020, 39(2): 65-76.
[12]	Xinming LEI,Hui HUANG,Jiansheng LIAN,Laurence J MCCOOK. The diversity and distribution of coralline algae in China: state of knowledge and research [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2019, 38(4): 30-40.
[13]	Hui WANG,Hengxiang LI,Lu LI,Yan YAN. The population distribution of Hyale grandicornis in macroalgae canopies of Daya Bay [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2019, 38(4): 52-58.
[14]	Suying OU. Surface suspended sediment distribution of Pearl River estuary under tropical storms with different wind and river discharge forcing [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2019, 38(3): 22-31.
[15]	Ziying XU, Jun WANG, Hongfang GAO, Guihua SUN, Meijing SUN, Xin NIE, Rongwei ZHU. Research progress on the Zhongnan-Liyue Fault Zone in the South China Sea Basin^* [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2019, 38(2): 86-94.