外来红树引入对生态系统健康与服务功能的影响——以广东省3个典型区域为例

doi:10.11978/2025071

Abstract

Abstract:

Exotic mangrove species have been widely introduced in mangrove restoration projects across China due to their adaptability and high afforestation efficiency. However, their potential ecological invasion risks remain controversial, and systematic evaluations of their effects on ecosystem health and service functions are still lacking. This study investigated three representative mangrove ecosystems located in eastern Guangdong (Gaoshawei), western Guangdong (Shuidong), and the Pearl River Delta region (Yanzhou), based on field surveys conducted in 2024. A comprehensive evaluation of ecosystem health and ecosystem service values was conducted, incorporating key variables such as the proportion of exotic mangrove species, water quality, and biodiversity. Results showed that all three mangrove ecosystems were in sub-healthy condition, with per-unit-area ecosystem service values of 31.9×10⁴CNY·hm^-2 in Yanzhou, 27.5×10⁴CNY·hm^-2 in Shuidong, and 27.1×10⁴CNY·hm^-2 in Gaoshawei. The proportion of exotic species showed a significant negative correlation with both health index and ecosystem service value. A linear mixed-effects model revealed that for every 1% increase in exotic species proportion, the health index declined by 0.936, and the service value decreased by 1.456×10⁴CNY·hm^-2. These findings highlight the multidimensional impact of exotic mangrove introductions on ecosystem structure and function. This study proposes restoration strategies that emphasize native species, water quality improvement, and enhancement of ecological functions, providing scientific guidance for exotic mangrove management and functional restoration.

Key words: Guangdong mangroves, ecosystem health, ecosystem service value, exotic mangrove species, community structure

CLC Number:

P764.1

FANG Yang, TANG Junyi, LUO Yuchi, YE Kuangmin, DENG Weihua. Impacts of exotic mangrove introduction on ecosystem health and service functions: A case study of three representative regions in Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2026, 45(2): 173-190.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Evaluation framework for ecosystem service values of Guangdong’s mangrove wetlands"

服务类别	功能类别	计算指标	计算公式和参数说明	参考
支持服务 (A)	维持生物多样性 (A₁)	栖息地价值(A₁₁)	${A}_{\text{11}}\text{=}\left(\text{1+}{\displaystyle \sum }_{i\text{=1}}^{n}{Q}_{n}\times \text{0.1+}{\displaystyle \sum }_{i\text{=1}}^{m}{Q}_{m}\times \text{0.1+}{\displaystyle \sum }_{i\text{=1}}^{j}{Q}_{j}\times \text{0.1}\right)\times {S}_{\text{mangrove}}\times {P}_{\text{mangrove}}$ 式中: A₁₁为红树林栖息地价值(单位: 元); S_mangrove为红树林面积(单位: hm²); P_mangrove为红树林年产出价值, 计算贴现价为9.695×10⁴ CNY·hm^-2; Q_n为物种n的濒危物种指数分值; Q_m为物种m的特有物种指数分值; Q_j为林分内物种j的古树名木指数分值; n为濒危物种指数物种数量; m为特有物种指数物种数量; j为古树名木物种数量	韩维栋等(2000) 生态环境部等(2023)
调节服务(B)	补充地下水 (B₁)	蓄水价值(B₁₁)	${B}_{11}={S}_{\text{mangrove}}\times \text{WS}\times {P}_{\text{r}}$ 式中: B₁₁为红树林蓄水价值(单位: 元); WS为红树林湿地单位蓄水量, 取8100.00m³·hm^-2; P_r为单位体积水库建造价值, 计算贴现价为3.18元·米^-3	吕宪国(2004) 何利平等(2011)
	保土造陆 (B₂)	保肥价值(B₂₁)	${B}_{21}={S}_{\text{mangrove}}\times \left({X}_{2}-{X}_{1}\right)\times \left(N\times {P}_{\text{fNP}}/{R}_{1}+P\times {P}_{\text{fNP}}/{R}_{2}+K\times {P}_{\text{fK}}/{R}_{3}\right)$ 式中: B₂₁为红树林保肥价值(单位: 元); X₁为林地土壤侵蚀模数, 取0.0015t·hm^-2; X₂为无林地土壤侵蚀模数, 取0.4847t·hm^-2; N、P、K分别为土壤中氮磷钾元素含量(单位: mg·g^-1); P_fNP为最新磷酸氢二铵化肥价格, 取2024年5月份中国出口价格数据3799.4元·吨^-1; P_fK为最新氯化钾化肥价格, 取2024年5月份中国出口价格数据2171.5元·吨^-1; R₁为化肥含氮量, 取21.20%; R₂为化肥含磷量, 取23.47%; R₃为化肥含钾量, 取52.31%	薛杨等(2014)
	保土造陆 (B₂)	促淤造陆价值(B₂₂)	${B}_{22}={S}_{\text{mangrove}}\times {P}_{\text{s}}$ 式中: B₂₂为红树林促淤造陆价值(单位: 元); P_s为单位面积湿地保持土壤价值, 计算贴现价为 5837.66 CNY·hm^-2	肖红克等(2020)
	消浪护岸 (B₃)	防风消波价值(B₃₁)	${B}_{31}=\text{ }0.125L\times \left({\rho }_{\text{w}}gv\right)\times {h}^{2}\times t\text{/EDR}$ 式中: B₃₁为红树林防风消波价值(单位: 元); L为红树林海岸线长度(单位: m); ρ_w为海水平均密度(单位: kg·m^-3); g为重力加速度, 取9.8m·s^-2; v取平均流速(单位: m·s^-1); h取平均浪高(单位: m); t为年平均时间, 取3.150×10⁷s·a^-1; EDR (emergy dollar ratio)为能值货币比率, 即单位货币的能值当量, 使用国家能值利用总量除以当年国内生产总值计算得	赵晟等(2007)
	消浪护岸 (B₃)	护岸价值(B₃₂)	${B}_{32}=L\times {P}_{\text{c1}}$ 式中: B₃₂为红树林护岸价值(单位: 元); P_c1为红树林海岸线生态效益, 计算贴现价为 166560.9元·千米^-1	郑耀辉等(2008)
	净化水质 (B₄)	吸附重金属价值 (B₄₁)	${B}_{41}={S}_{\text{mangrove}}\times d\times D\times {C}_{\text{metal}}\times \text{MC/}T$ 式中: B₄₁为红树林吸附重金属价值(单位: 元); d为重金属沉积物采样深度, 取20cm; D为沉积物容重(单位: g·cm^-3); C_metal为重金属含量(单位: μg·g^-1); MC为重金属处理成本, 这里取锌的处理成本0.37元·克^-1; T为红树林沉积物沉积时间, 沉积速率为1.38cm·a^-1, 计算得到20cm沉积物沉积时间近似取值15a	李瑞利等(2012)
	净化水质 (B₄)	净化氮磷价值(B₄₂)	${B}_{42}={V}_{\text{t}}\times {M}_{\text{N}}\times {P}_{\text{r1}}+{V}_{\text{t}}\times {M}_{\text{P}}\times {P}_{\text{r2}}$ 式中: B₄₂为红树林净化氮磷价值(单位: 元); V_t为红树林年均材积生长量, 取4.39t·hm^-2·a^-1; M_N为红树植物平均氮含量(单位: mg·g^-1); M_P为红树植物平均磷含量(单位: mg·g^-1); P_r1为污水处理厂脱氮成本, 取38元·千克^-1; P_r2为污水处理厂除磷成本, 取40元·千克^-1	吴素文等(2022); 田海成等(2024)
	固碳释氧排放甲烷 (B₅)	固碳价值(B₅₁)	${B}_{51}={S}_{\text{mangrove}}\times \left({r}_{\text{gv}}+{r}_{\text{s}}\right)\times {P}_{\text{carbon}}$ 式中: B₅₁为红树林固碳价值(单位: 元); r_gv为红树林地上植被固碳系数, 取11.35t·hm^-2·a^-1; r_s为红树林土壤固碳系数, 取2.789t·hm^-2·a^-1; P_carbon为国际通用瑞典碳税价格, 换算汇率后为874.39元·吨^-1	段晓男等(2008)
调节服务(B)	固碳释氧排放甲烷 (B₅)	释氧价值(B₅₂)	B₅₂ = S_mangrove×O_mangrove×P_O 式中: B₅₂为红树林释氧价值(单位: 元); O_mangrove为红树林释氧系数, 取30.29t·hm^-2·a^-1; P_O为我国工业制氧单价, 取2024年4月工业气体价格数据426元·吨^-1	伍淑婕(2006)
	固碳释氧排放甲烷 (B₅)	甲烷排放负价值 (B₅₃)	B₅₃ = S_mangrove×F_CH4×P_carbon×24.5 式中: B₅₃为红树林甲烷排放负价值(单位: 元); F_CH4为红树林甲烷排放平均通量, 取346kg·hm^-2·a^-1; 1kg CH₄产生的温室效应相当于24.5kg CO₂所产生的温室效应	Wang等(2023)
	调节气候 (B₆)	调节气温(B₆₁)	B₆₁ = E×S_mangrove×c×ΔT×P_ec/(3.6×10⁶) 式中: B₆₁为红树林调节气温价值(单位: 元); E为城市年平均蒸发量(单位: mm); c为水比热容, 取4.2×10³J·kg^-1·℃^-1; ΔT为当地平均气温与100℃的差值; P_ec为居民用电市场价格(单位: 元·千瓦时^-1); 1kW·h = 3.6×10⁶J	钟尊倩(2022)
	调节气候 (B₆)	增加湿度(B₆₂)	B₆₂ = E×S_mangrove×F×P_ec 式中: B₆₂为红树林增加湿度价值(单位: 元); F为家用加湿器每小时将1m³水转化为水蒸气消耗电量, 取125kW·h	钟尊倩(2022)
	净化大气 (B₇)	降解SO₂(B₇₁)	B₇₁ = S_mangrove×A₁×P_A1 式中: B₇₁为红树林降解SO₂价值(单位: 元); A₁为年吸收量, 取88.65kg·hm^-2; P_A1为降解成本, 取1.2元·千克^-1	肖红克等(2020)
		降解氟化物(B₇₂)	B₇₂ = S_mangrove×A₂×P_A2 式中: B₇₂为红树林降解氟化物价值(单位: 元); A₂为年吸收量, 取4.65kg·hm^-2; P_A2为降解成本, 取0.69元·千克^-1
		降解氮氧化物(B₇₃)	B₇₃ = S_mangrove×A₃×P_A3 式中: B₇₃为红树林降解氮氧化物价值(单位: 元); A₃为年吸收量, 取6kg·hm^-2; P_A3为降解成本, 取0.63 元·千克^-1
		滞尘价值(B₇₄)	B₇₄ = S_mangrove×B×P_B 式中: B₇₄为红树林滞尘价值(单位: 元); B为滞尘能力, 取10110kg·hm^-2; P_B为滞尘价格, 取0.15元·kg^-1
		负离子产生价值(B₇₅)	B₇₅ = S_mangrove×ρ_anion×H×P_anion 式中: B₇₅为红树林负离子产生价值(单位: 元); ρ_anion为红树林内负离子密度, 取1283个·厘米^-3·分钟^-1, H为红树林高度取调查样方红树林株高均值; P_anion为负离子产生费用, 取5.8185元·10^-18	国家林业局(2008)
供给服务(C)	食物生产 (C₁)	海产品供给价值 (C₁₁)	C₁₁ = S_mangrove × P_sp 式中: C₁₁为红树林海产品供给价值(单位: 元); P_sp为海产品单位产值(单位: ×10⁴CNY·hm^-2), 根据地方统计年鉴和海域面积进行估算	当地地方统计年鉴
	原料生产 (C₂)	树木材积年均价值(C₂₁)	${\text{C}}_{\text{21}}\text{=}\left({\displaystyle \sum }_{i\text{=1}}^{N}\frac{{D}_{i}\times {P}_{i}}{{V}_{i}}\right)\times {V}_{\text{t}}\times {S}_{\text{mangrove}}$ 式中: C₂₁为红树林树木材积年均价值(单位: 元); N为样方中红树种数, 根据调查结果计算样地活立木价值(单位: 元·米^-3); i为树种; D_i为某类树种株数; V_i为某类树种体积(单位: m³); P_i为树木株价格(单位: 元); V_t为红树林年均材积生长量, 取4.39t·CNY·hm^-2·a^-1	广西壮族自治区林业局(2021)
	原料生产 (C₂)	凋落物价值(C₂₂)	C₂₂ = S_mangrove×ML×BY×P_ba 式中: C₂₂为红树林凋落物价值(单位: 元); ML为红树林单位面积年凋落物量, 根据样方群落调查结果和文献资料取均值(单位: t·hm^-2·a^-1); BY为饵料成品率, 取10%; P_ba为饵料价格, 参考《2023年全国饲料工业发展概况》(中国饲料工业协会, 2023), 取值4358.6元·吨^-1	肖红克等(2020)
文化服务(D)	游娱休疗 (D₁)	生态旅游价值(D₁₁)	D₁₁ = S_mangrove×P_tb×10% 式中: D₁₁为红树林生态旅游价值(单位: 元); P_tb为单位面积旅游效益(单位: ×10⁴CNY·hm^-2·a^-1), 参考2023年地方国民经济和社会发展统计年报, 使用旅游年总收入/总面积计算, 采用单位面积旅游效益的10%作为红树林湿地旅游价值估算参数	郑秋燕(2018)
文化服务(D)	科普宣教 (D₂)	科教价值(D₂₁)	D₂₁ = (L_p×P_p + S_mangrove×P_sr)/2 式中: D₂₁为红树林科教价值(单位: 元); L_p为每年发表的相关论文数均值; P_p为平均论文投入成本, 取1.192×10⁵元·篇^-1; P_sr为我国单位面积湿地科研价值, 计算贴现价为1147.59CNY·hm^-2	陈仲新等(2000) 王其翔(2009)

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Avian survey results from three representative mangrove ecosystems in 2024"

鸟类种类				红树林生态系统
中文名	拉丁文名	目	科	粤西水东	珠三角盐洲	粤东高沙围
暗绿绣眼鸟	Zosterops simplex	雀形目	绣眼鸟科	+	+
八哥	Acridotheres cristatellus	雀形目	椋鸟科		+
白额燕鸥	Sternula albifrons	鸻形目	鸥科	+
白骨顶	Fulica atra	鹤形目	秧鸡科	+		+
白喉红臀鹎	Pycnonotus aurigaster	雀形目	鹎科	+	+	+
白鹡鸰	Motacilla alba	雀形目	鹡鸰科	+	+	+
白鹭	Egretta garzetta	鹈形目	鹭科	+	+	+
白头鹎	Pycnonotus sinensis	雀形目	鹎科	+	+	+
白胸翡翠	Halcyon smyrnensis	佛法僧目	翠鸟科		+	+
白胸苦恶鸟	Amaurornis phoenicurus	鹤形目	秧鸡科			+
白腰杓鹬	Numenius arquata	鸻形目	鹬科			+
斑嘴鸭	Anas zonorhyncha	雁形目	鸭科	+
斑文鸟	Lonchura punctulata	雀形目	梅花雀科		+
苍鹭	Ardea cinerea	鹈形目	鹭科	+	+	+
池鹭	Ardeola bacchus	鹈形目	鹭科	+	+	+
赤颈鸭	Mareca penelope	雁形目	鸭科			+
纯色山鹪莺	Prinia inornata	雀形目	扇尾莺科		+	+
大白鹭	Ardea alba	鹈形目	鹭科	+	+	+
大山雀	Parus minor	雀形目	山雀科			+
东亚石䳭	Saxicola stejnegeri	雀形目	鹟科		+	+
鹗	Pandion haliaetus	鹰形目	鹗科			+
反嘴鹬	Recurvirostra avosetta	鸻形目	反嘴鹬科			+
短嘴金丝燕	Recurvirostra avosetta	夜鹰目	雨燕科		+
大凤头燕鸥	Thalasseus bergii	鸻形目	鸥科	+
褐翅鸦鹃	Centropus sinensis	鹃形目	杜鹃科	+	+	+
褐柳莺	Phylloscopus fuscatus	雀形目	柳莺科	+
鹤鹬	Tringa erythropus	鸻形目	鹬科	+
黑翅鸢	Elanus caeruleus	鹰形目	鹰科	+
黑翅长脚鹬	Himantopus himantopus	鸻形目	反嘴鹬科		+	+
黑腹滨鹬	Calidris alpina	鸻形目	鹬科		+
黑领椋鸟	Gracupica nigricollis	雀形目	椋鸟科		+
黑卷尾	Dicrurus macrocercus	雀形目	卷尾科	+
黑脸噪鹛	Pterorhinus perspicillatus	雀形目	噪鹛科			+
黑水鸡	Gallinula chloropus	鹤形目	秧鸡科	+		+
黑尾鸥	Larus crassirostris	鸻形目	鸥科			+
黑鸢	Milvus migrans	鹰形目	鹰科	+	+	+
黑枕黄鹂	Oriolus chinensis	雀形目	黄鹂科	+
红嘴鸥	Chroicocephalus ridibundus	鸻形目	鸥科			+
红脚鹬	Tringa totanus	鸻形目	丘鹬科	+	+
红耳鹎	Pycnonotus jocosus	雀形目	鹎科		+
红颈滨鹬	Calidris ruficollis	鸻形目	鹬科		+
环颈鸻	Charadrius alexandrinus	鸻形目	鸻科	+	+	+
黄腹山鹪莺	Prinia flaviventris	雀形目	扇尾莺科	+	+	+
黄腰柳莺	Phylloscopus proregulus	雀形目	柳莺科			+
灰翅浮鸥	Chlidonias hybrida	鸻形目	鸥科			+
灰鹡鸰	Motacilla cinerea	雀形目	鹡鸰科	+		+
黄鹡鸰	Motacilla tschutschensis	雀形目	鹡鸰科			+
矶鹬	Actitis hypoleucos	鸻形目	鹬科	+	+	+
家燕	Hirundo rustica	雀形目	燕科	+	+	+
金鸻	Pluvialis fulva	鸻形目	鸻科		+	+
金眶鸻	Charadrius dubius	鸻形目	鸻科		+	+
蓝矶鸫	Monticola solitarius	雀形目	鹟科			+
蛎鹬	Haematopus ostralegus	鸻形目	蛎鹬科			+
林鹬	Tringa glareola	鸻形目	鹬科		+
麻雀	Passer montanus	雀形目	雀科		+	+
蒙古沙鸻	Charadrius mongolus	鸻形目	鸻科	+	+
牛背鹭	Bubulcus coromandus	鹈形目	鹭科		+
鸥嘴噪鸥	Gelochelidon nilotica	鸻形目	鸥科	+
普通翠鸟	Alcedo atthis	佛法僧目	翠鸟科	+	+
普通燕鸥	Sterna hirundo	鸻形目	鸥科	+
青脚鹬	Tringa nebularia	鸻形目	鹬科	+	+	+
鹊鸲	Copsychus saularis	雀形目	鹟科	+	+	+
蛇雕	Spilornis cheela	鹰形目	鹰科		+
乌鸫	Turdus mandarinus	雀形目	鸫科		+
三趾滨鹬	Calidris alba	鸻形目	鹬科	+
铁嘴沙鸻	Charadrius leschenaultii	鸻形目	鸻科			+
喜鹊	Pica serica	雀形目	鸦科			+
小白腰雨燕	Apus nipalensis	雨燕目	雨燕科	+
小䴙䴘	Tachybaptus ruficollis	䴙䴘目	䴙䴘科	+	+	+
须浮鸥	Chlidonias hybrida	鸻形目	鸥科			+
长尾缝叶莺	Orthotomus sutorius	雀形目	扇尾莺科	+	+	+
长趾滨鹬	Calidris subminuta	鸻形目	鹬科		+
中白鹭	Ardea intermedia	鹈形目	鹭科	+	+	+
中杓鹬	Numenius phaeopus	鸻形目	鹬科	+	+	+
珠颈斑鸠	Spilopelia chinensis	鸽形目	鸠鸽科	+	+	+
棕背伯劳	Lanius schach	雀形目	伯劳科	+	+	+

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Fig. 2

Tab. 5

Fig. 3

Tab. 6

Tab. 7

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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评价要素		评价指标
类型	权重	名称	综合权重
生物群落与结构(W₁)	0.5217	自然度(W₁₁)	0.0841
		生态序列完整性(W₁₂)	0.0126
		幼树优势种比例(W₁₃)	0.0631
		郁闭度(W₁₄)	0.1515
		植物多样性(W₁₅)	0.1094
		鸟类多样性(W₁₆)	0.0379
		底栖动物多样性(W₁₇)	0.0631
水土环境(W₂)	0.2609	土壤盐度(W₂₁)	0.1533
		水质污染综合指数(W₂₂)	0.0801
		营养状态质量指数(W₂₃)	0.0275
外部威胁与干扰(W₃)	0.1304	湿地退化率(W₃₁)	0.0210
		湿地开垦率(W₃₂)	0.0431
		游客量(W₃₃)	0.0093
		海堤建设率(W₃₄)	0.0571
生物安全(W₄)	0.0870	外来入侵种种类(W₄₁)	0.0057
		外来物种入侵面积(W₄₂)	0.0553
		病虫害种类(W₄₃)	0.0057
		病虫害为害面积(W₄₄)	0.0203

红树林生态系统	历史数据		调查数据
红树林生态系统	底栖生物量/(g·m^-2)	栖息密度/(ind·m^-2)	底栖生物量/(g·m^-2)	栖息密度/(ind·m^-2)
粤西水东	138.0	172.4	179.5	98.8
珠三角盐洲	13.9	180.0	127.8	166.8
粤东高沙围	22.4	118.0	54.0	102.4

服务类别	功能类别	计算指标	红树林生态系统区域
服务类别	功能类别	计算指标	粤西水东	珠三角盐洲	粤东高沙围
支持服务(A)	维持生物多样性(A₁)	栖息地价值(A₁₁)	2837.12	399.20	175.60
调节服务(B)	补充地下水(B₁)	蓄水价值(B₁₁)	753.78	106.06	42.40
	保土造陆(B₂)	保肥价值(B₂₁)	72.80	10.22	4.10
	保土造陆(B₂)	促淤造陆价值(B₂₁)	170.83	24.04	9.61
	消浪护岸(B₃)	防风消波价值(B₃₁)	159.13	1.33	1.24
	消浪护岸(B₃)	护岸价值(B₃₂)	1389.42	305.97	71.62
	净化水质(B₄)	吸附重金属价值(B₄₁)	178.89	24.72	7.80
	净化水质(B₄)	净化氮磷价值(B₄₂)	47.11	6.87	2.81
	固碳释氧排放甲烷(B₅)	固碳价值(B₅₁)	361.79	50.91	20.35
		释氧价值(B₅₂)	377.61	53.13	21.24
		甲烷排放负价值(B₅₃)	216.91	30.52	12.20
	调节气候(B₆)	调节气温(B₆₁)	34.59	4.42	2.20
	调节气候(B₆)	增加湿度(B₆₂)	481.26	60.83	30.00
	净化大气(B₇)	降解SO₂ (B₇₁)	3.11	0.44	0.18
		降解氟化物(B₇₂)	0.09	0.01	0.01
		降解氮氧化物(B₇₃)	0.11	0.02	0.01
		滞尘价值(B₇₄)	44.38	6.24	2.50
		负离子产生价值(B₇₅)	3.74	0.90	0.30
供给服务(C)	食物生产(C₁)	海产品供给价值(C₁₁)	170.58	5.22	18.08
	原料生产(C₂)	树木材积年生长量价值(C₂₁)	826.41	242.49	23.00
	原料生产(C₂)	凋落物价值(C₂₂)	271.42	18.82	22.93
文化服务(D)	游娱休疗(D₁)	生态旅游价值(D₁₁)	51.57	5.45	0.61
文化服务(D)	科普宣教(D₂)	科教价值(D₂₁)	26.33	17.86	2.14
总价值/(×10⁴元)			8045.12	1314.61	446.48
单位面积价值/(×10⁴CNY·hm^-2)			27.49	31.93	27.12

变量	回归系数	标准误差	t 值	P 值
外来树种比例/%	-0.936	0.322	-2.91	0.003
沉积物总氮/(mg·g^-1)	-1.210	0.460	-2.63	0.008
沉积物硫化物/(mg·kg^-1)	0.067	0.048	1.39	0.168
底栖生物密度/(ind·m^-2)	-0.018	0.011	-1.63	0.107
鸟种类数量/种	0.010	0.015	0.67	0.506

变量	回归系数	标准误差	t 值	P 值
外来树种比例/%	-1.456	0.318	-4.58	<0.001
沉积物总氮/(mg·g^-1)	-1.805	0.462	-3.91	0.002
沉积物硫化物/(mg·kg^-1)	0.088	0.053	1.66	0.135
底栖生物密度/(ind·m^-2)	-0.021	0.010	-2.12	0.047
鸟种类数量/种	0.015	0.019	0.79	0.435

Impacts of exotic mangrove introduction on ecosystem health and service functions: A case study of three representative regions in Guangdong Province

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