基于高分辨率遥感的珊瑚礁地貌单元体系构建和分类方法—以8波段Worldview-2影像为例

doi:10.11978/2019100

Abstract

Abstract:

Coral reef ecosystem is one of the ecosystems with the highest primary productivity in the world. It plays an important role in maintaining marine biodiversity, preventing waves and consolidating beaches, and it is great resources for mankind. At the same time, the remote sensing geomorphological classification system of coral reefs is the necessary basis for the protection, management and sustainable development of coral reefs. However, there is no corresponding classification system taking coral coverage into account. Based on WorldView-2 high-resolution remote sensing image, we selected the reef of Zhaoshu Dao and Xisha Zhou in the north of Qilianyu Island, Xisha Islands, South China Sea as our study area. In this paper, coral coverage, regional geomorphic composition and hydrodynamic conditions are used to establish a coral reef geomorphic unit classification system suitable for remote sensing monitoring and are related to the survival of coral reefs. The method of object-oriented support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) were used to extract the coral reef geomorphic units, and the accuracy of the extraction results was evaluated. The results showed that both SVM and RF classification methods can extract reef geomorphic units, and the classification accuracy was 87.59% and 79.81%, respectively. Aiming at the problem of misclassification and omission in the process of classification, we modified the classification results according to the causes and distributions of coral reefs. And the accuracy of modified classification was 91.3%, and the kappa coefficient was 0.9041. They showed that the coral reef geomorphic unit classification system constructed in this paper can meet the need of information extraction of coral reefs to some extent.

Key words: coral reef, geomorphology, classification scheme, remote sensing, object oriented

CLC Number:

P737.2

Juan DONG, Guangbo REN, Yabin HU, Jinzhao PANG, Yi MA. Construction and classification of coral reef geomorphic unit system based on high-resolution remote sensing: using 8-band Worldview-2 Image as an example[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2020, 39(4): 116-129.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Existing geomorphic classification schemes for coral reef"

建立方法	文献来源	遥感数据	分类体系
实地调查	Goreau, 1959	—	礁后: 海岸带、潟湖; 礁脊: 邻近潟湖带、礁坪、破碎带、贫瘠带、礁凸起带; 向海斜坡: 礁前斜坡、深礁前斜坡带; 共9类。
	曾昭璇, 1982	—	礁坡区; 礁盘区: 外礁盘、堤滩、次成潟湖、沙岛区(海滩岩、沙堤带、中部洼地); 潟湖区: 点礁; 共8类。
	赵焕庭等, 1996	—	向海坡; 外礁坪; 礁凸起; 内礁坪: 珊瑚稀疏带、珊瑚丛林带、礁坑发育带; 潟湖: 潟湖坡、潟湖盆、点礁; 共9类。
	Mumby et al, 1999	—	礁后; 礁脊; 潮沟: 低潮沟、高潮沟; 礁前; 急陡坡; 点礁: 浓密点礁、分散点礁; 潟湖层: 浅潟湖层、深潟湖层; 共10类。
遥感影像	Leon et al, 2011	Landsat ETM+	礁前; 礁脊; 礁坪: 珊瑚带、砂礁坪、海草床、植被沙洲; 潟湖: 砂质礁后、潟湖点礁、深潟湖; 点礁; 共10类。
	Phinn et al, 2012	QucikBird-2	礁坡; 礁脊; 外礁坪; 内礁坪; 浅潟湖; 深潟湖; 共6类。
	龚剑明等, 2014	WorldView-2	水下礁脊; 外礁坪; 礁凸起带; 附礁生物稀疏带; 附礁生物丛生带; 礁坑发育带; 潟湖: 潟湖坡、潟湖底; 点礁; 潮汐通道; 沙洲; 灰沙岛: 海滩、沙堤、沙席、洼地; 共15类。
	周旻曦等, 2015	CBERS-03B CCD	向海坡; 礁前; 礁坪: 礁脊、槽沟、珊瑚生长带、礁坑发育带; 潟湖: 潟湖坡、潟湖盆、潟湖点礁; 潮汐通道; 暗沙/暗滩; 灰沙岛: 海滩、沙丘; 共13类。
	朱海天等, 2015	WorldView-2	外礁缘; 外礁坪; 礁突起带; 内礁坪: 生物稀疏带、生物密集带、礁坑发育带; 潟湖: 潟湖坡、潟湖盆、点礁; 沙洲; 共10类。
	左秀玲等, 2018	WorldView-2、QucikBird	水下礁脊; 礁前斜坡: 礁前斜坡下坡、礁前斜坡上坡; 礁坪: 外礁坪、礁凸起带、内礁坪(生物稀疏带、潮间带浅滩、生物丛生带、礁坑发育带); 潟湖: 潟湖坡、潟湖底、点礁、潮汐通道; 浅水礁塘; 沙洲; 灰沙岛: 海滩、沙堤、沙席、洼地; 共19类。
	Dong et al, 2019	Landsat-8 OLI	植被; 岛屿/沙洲; 礁坪; 水下部分; 共4类。

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Geomorphic classification schemes for coral reef"

Ⅰ级	Ⅱ级	定义	珊瑚覆盖度	影像纹理特征	解译标志
向海坡	深礁前斜坡	坡度和缓, 呈切割起伏型, 为波浪基面以下坡度小于40°的坡面, 50~1000m水深处多是细砂, 1000m以下为粉砂质黏土(刘宝银等, 2014); 物质主要来源于珊瑚丛生区与珊瑚沉积区, 粗细混杂, 多为堆积塌积物与生物骨壳(夏东兴等, 2014), 次为细小的生物碎屑, 水深较浅处底质多为细小的生物碎屑, 深处底质为粉砂质; 这些沉积物在重力的作用下, 以崩塌和滑移等方式运移并堆积	由于较强的水动力, 冲蚀与溶蚀作用抑制了珊瑚的生长, 活珊瑚覆盖度小于50%(刘宝银等, 2014)	处于礁体的最外围, 影像中最深的蓝黑色部分, 白色条状沟槽几乎很少
	浅礁前斜坡	礁缘外向海一侧的水下斜坡, 位于水深30m左右的波浪基面以上, 坡度达50°以上, 多数呈峭壁状, 少数呈缓坡状; 一般为硬底质(刘宝银等, 2014; 夏东兴等, 2014), 多由小礁块和生物碎屑等组成, 其上有生长发育良好的珊瑚, 坡面上有切口和崩口, 沟底有蚀余的少量碎屑、重力沉积与生物碎屑	此区域水动力作用不强, 即海浪对珊瑚的生长发育影响较小, 种类繁多、形态各异的活珊瑚几乎达到全覆盖(刘宝银等, 2014)	处于深礁前斜坡的内侧, 是更浅的蓝黑色, 白色条状沟槽开始增多
	礁前阶地	位于礁脊和浅礁前斜坡之间, 紧邻海浪破波带; 此处有礁缘槽沟发育, 由礁缘坡折线到沟头宽20~25m(刘宝银等, 2014), 向海微倾, 低潮几乎全部干出; 底质多由小礁块、死珊瑚以及贝壳砾屑被珊瑚藻和石灰藻等所粘结组成	此处水动力较强(左秀玲等, 2018), 珊瑚生长较差	处于浅礁前斜坡的内侧, 颜色为较均匀的灰色, 在外侧边缘有白色浪花存在
Ⅰ级	Ⅱ级	定义	珊瑚覆盖度	影像纹理特征	解译标志
礁坪	礁脊	展布在礁坪前缘、环礁外缘礁带内侧, 存在锯齿状沟槽, 低潮时完全干出, 一般高出礁坪1m以上, 抗浪性强; 一般为硬底质堆积, 多由礁块或礁砾组成(夏东兴等, 2014), 物质来源于珊瑚丛生带, 通常由波浪、风暴潮上掀堆积	因受到强烈的水动力作用, 只有零星珊瑚生长或只有一层珊瑚藻覆盖着的平滑礁脊(刘宝银等, 2014)	处于礁前阶地的内侧, 颜色为灰色并带有较少的黑灰色, 主要是带锯齿的竖条状纹理
	珊瑚丛生区	表面凹凸不平, 并大多处在低潮面下30~50cm(刘宝银等, 2014); 物质组成主要为珊瑚礁岩, 表层沉积物大小不一, 但珊瑚丛生区上松散生物屑沉积物的粒径由海向内变细, 多被藻类粘结, 外观呈棕黑色; 该处珊瑚不仅向海增长, 并以低潮面为上限向上繁衍, 最终的结果是扩大礁坪; 在波浪、潮流和风暴潮作用下, 珊瑚丛生带为礁体其他相带提供了丰富的碳酸盐沉积物; 珊瑚丛生区上的珊瑚生长上限为低潮面, 高于低潮面的裸露珊瑚, 易被晒死, 因此在珊瑚丛生区最高处可见到死亡的群体珊瑚。	水动力较弱, 是抗浪性差的珊瑚群落的优良生长区, 有众多活珊瑚(程益锋等, 2018)	处于礁脊的内侧, 影像中颜色最深的部分, 颜色为较均匀的黑灰色
	珊瑚沉积区	位于珊瑚丛生带内侧, 以沉积作用为主, 多有礁坑发育, 礁坑堆积有白色的珊瑚砂, 大潮低潮时局部礁面微露, 除部分礁坑外, 珊瑚沉积区地势宽广平坦	稀疏的珊瑚及附礁生物(左秀玲等, 2018)	处于珊瑚丛生区的内侧, 主要为灰色, 有较少的蓝色和黑色相间, 内部有边界模糊的黑色小斑块
	礁塘	珊瑚丛生区或珊瑚沉积区上常积水的低洼地, 深几十厘米至数米, 低潮时不出露, 底质为砂质	水动力较弱, 内部零星分布有点礁(龚剑明等, 2014)	处于礁坪的中心部分, 颜色为亮蓝色, 其中有边界明显的黑色斑块
潟湖	点礁	又称斑礁, 指由潟湖底部或斜坡上显著突出的墩状珊瑚礁, 且彼此孤立、平面上呈点状分布的礁体(夏东兴等, 2014), 是大珊瑚礁体的组成部分, 跨度一般小于1km。点礁的多寡与珊瑚环礁发育的不同阶段呈正相关, 由于其他因素的制约, 在同一潟湖里, 点礁发育及其分布具有一定的区域性, 有些点礁的迎风面在低潮时出露水面, 点礁分为峰丘型和礁坪型两类(刘宝银等, 2014)	礁体顶面有很多种类的珊瑚丛生(夏东兴等, 2014)	深蓝色海水中边界明显的黑蓝色斑块
潟湖	潟湖坡	位于礁后, 易于维持水道的背风面, 呈扩散性边缘, 深度30~40m左右, 个别超过200m	有点礁分布, 其上有分枝状珊瑚生长, 但珊瑚生长情况较差(夏东兴等, 2014)	颜色为深蓝色, 其中零星分布黑蓝色斑块
灰沙岛	沙洲	风浪的作用使沙坪规模变大, 砂质物质增加, 可积存少量淡水, 甚至有植被发育, 地形相对沙坪稳定	无珊瑚生长	颜色为十分均匀的黄白色,与其他地物界限明显
灰沙岛	沙坪	在新近浮出海面的珊瑚礁上, 具有称为“沙帽”的一层浅沙, 当堆积物堆高超出海面后, 形成沙洲。底质较硬, 由松散的珊瑚砂砾、贝壳碎屑和其他生物碎屑等组成。海拔高度很低, 常受到潮水冲刷, 大风浪可将其淹没, 其上多砾质, 植被很少, 位置游移不定。	无珊瑚生长	颜色为较明亮的蓝白色, 间有少量黑灰色的纹理或斑块

Tab. 4

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波段名称	波长/nm	分辨率/m	幅宽/km	重访周期/d
海岸(Coastal)	400~450	1.85	16.4	1.1
蓝(Blue)	450~510	1.85	16.4	1.1
绿(Green)	510~580	1.85	16.4	1.1
黄(Yellow)	585~625	1.85	16.4	1.1
红(Red)	630~690	1.85	16.4	1.1
红边(Red Edge)	705~745	1.85	16.4	1.1
近红外(Near-IR1)	770~895	1.85	16.4	1.1
近红外2(Near-IR2)	860~1040	1.85	16.4	1.1

		SVM分类精度		RF分类精度
		PA/%	UA/%	PA/%	UA/%
地貌类型	深礁前斜坡	63.41	84.4	63.41	85.65
	浅礁前斜坡	71.05	67.02	43.83	55.63
	礁前阶地	82.81	77.86	71.23	75.15
	礁脊	100	84.09	98.64	75.7
	珊瑚丛生区	100	89.81	100	89.09
	珊瑚沉积区	100	100	100	100
	点礁	85.97	80.03	88.28	38.05
	礁塘	100	93.14	58.35	99.81
	潟湖坡	94.14	100	100	100
	沙洲	100	100	100	82.47
	沙坪	71.54	100	71.54	98.94
	植被	100	100	80.69	100
总体精度/%		87.59		79.81
Kappa系数		0.8631		0.7780

Construction and classification of coral reef geomorphic unit system based on high-resolution remote sensing: using 8-band Worldview-2 Image as an example

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珊瑚礁地貌单元	主要底质组成
深礁前斜坡	粉砂质黏土(浅)、细砂(深)
浅礁前斜坡	小礁块、生物碎屑
礁前阶地	死珊瑚、贝壳砾屑、珊瑚藻
礁脊	礁块、礁砾、珊瑚藻
珊瑚丛生区	珊瑚礁岩、生物碎屑
珊瑚沉积区	珊瑚砂
礁塘	珊瑚砂
点礁	基本为活珊瑚
潟湖坡	生物碎屑
沙洲	珊瑚砂、其他生物碎屑
沙坪	珊瑚砂、其他生物碎屑

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